Domestic Violence And Its Effects On Children - 1445 Words

What is domestic Violence? Domestic Violence is described as violent or aggressive behavior within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. Many children end up being the victims to seeing domestic violence in the home which is very unhealthy to their development. Some children may development resentment toward both parents- one for not leaving and the other for causing the abuse. Depression, aggressive behavior, emotional distress and suicide depending on the severity are all signs of effects on children. Usually research is examined only for women and the effects that domestic violence has on them, but recently more and more research is being found on how domestic violence has it effects on children. Children in families experiencing domestic violence are more likely than other children to show or display aggressive, antisocial behavior and become depressed and anxious (Brown Bzostek, 2003). Researchers have found higher levels of anger, hostility, disruptive behavior, disobedience, fear and withdrawal (poor peer, sibling, and social relationships) and low self-esteem. Children exposed to domestic violence are at a higher chance of experiencing difficulties in school and score lower on assessments of verbal, motor, and cognitive skills. Slow cognitive development, may not be able to resolve conflicts in a peaceful and calming manner, limited problem solving skills, pro-violence attitudes. (Brown Bzostek, 2003; Edleson, 2006). ResearchShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Domestic Violence on Children1529 Words   |  7 PagesProject: The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Trudy Root Kaplan University CM107-11 Children are negatively impacted by the surrounding of domestic violence in multiple ways, in which need to be identified. The audience that needs to be aware of domestic abuse’s effects on children is adults that care for children; such as pediatricians, teachers, counselors, and parents. The issue that needs to be addressed is the negative effects on children involved in a domestic violence situationRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children1387 Words   |  6 Pages Literature Review: The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children By Taralyn Dean SW 8570 March 11, 2015 Introduction Today this paper will be exploring the affects of intimate partner domestic violence and how this impacts the children. The children of theses situations are the bystanders of these physical and emotional events. This paper will review in depth what other professionals are saying about the children of the domestic violence relationships and also the findings andRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesIn a similar study by Ybarra, Wilkens, Lieberman (2007) the goal was to determine if domestic violence leads to functioning shortfalls, and what its effects it has on a child’s behavioral and cognitive functioning. In homes where domestic violence happens, young children are more likely to witness violence than older children. It was hypothesized that children who witnessed violence at home had lower verbal capabilities, and would display greater internalizing and externalizing behaviors. ParticipantsRead MoreEffect of Domestic Violence on Children692 Words   |  3 PagesASSIGNMENT 1 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ID: S99003183; URIAM ROBATI ABSTRACT Domestic Violence has a great effect on children. Domestic violence also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse or child abuse is recognized as a pattern of abusive behavior by one or both partners especially those in marriage. This coercive behavior is used against another person to obtain power and control over the other party in a relationship. Domestic violence takes many forms such as physical violence which includesRead MoreEffects of Domestic Violence on Children1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe biggest victims of domestic violence are the littlest. The home is a suppose to be a safe and secure environment for children with loving parents and free from violence. Children need a secure environment where they can come home to when the outside world is unsafe. However, every year there are millions of children who’s homes are not a safe haven. Millions of children are exposed to a parent being violently assaulted. Domestic violence is a prevalent social issue in America today . First, whoRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children And Children1541 Words   |  7 Pageslife. Domestic abused affect women and children. Lots of women are more at risk in their own home. Spouse abuses happen when one person in the marriage chooses to control the other party by using fair intimidation physical, emotional abuse. Domestic violence displaced many families because they are trying to get away from their abuser. Abuse can range from physical, mentally, emotional or psychological. One of every 5 woman are said to have experience an abuse from their partner. The effect of DomesticRead MoreEffects of Domestic Violence on Children908 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Domestic Violence on Children by Mary Pelham English 1010-19 5 October 2011 Pelham i Outline I. Effects on younger children A. Feelings of deprivation Read MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Many children witness domestic violence each day. Most times, children witness their mothers being abuse by their fathers, step-fathers, or mother’s boyfriends. According to Couchenour and Chrisman (2011), â€Å"Women and children are at greater risk of being victims of abuse than are men† (p. 131). Witnessing violence or being abused at home has serious effects on children. This article explains the short-term and long-term effects that domestic violence hasRead MoreEffects Of Domestic Violence On Children990 Words   |  4 Pagesexposed to domestic violence at an early age, that child adapts to these adverse circumstance and situations (Holmes, 2013). Therefore, children who are regularly exposed to domestic violence may initially display less aggressive behaviors than children who are never exposed. However, this is due to their fear of being a victim of a physical assault (Holmes, 2013). This finding was interesting because it shows how deeply the children are affe cted by exposure to domestic violence. The children becomeRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children1444 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to domestic abuse there are signs to watch for and if caught early enough one can stop it before it begins. In violent relationships the ultimate goal of the abuser is to have complete control over the abused. According to Shattered Lives magazine, â€Å"One out of every four households experience a form of domestic violence† (1). When one feels they have nowhere to go they become more attached and often have children with their perpetrator. The children also play a part in the family members

Determination of traces of heavy metal using anodic stripping voltammetry Free Essays

string(104) " electrode which is subsequent stripping of these metals allows the quantification of these metal ions\." INTRODUCTION Recent studies have shown a rise in the level of heavy metal in the human body and the everyday environment. These finding have increased the importance of heavy metal analysis which have become a major task in areas such as toxicological, epidemiological and environmental research. Trace metal analysis has a wide range of applications these include medical diagnostics, medical device implantation, and pharmaceutical and food analysis etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Determination of traces of heavy metal using anodic stripping voltammetry or any similar topic only for you Order Now In terms of environmental research, pollutants or just the general level of trace heavy metal may be quantified. In a society in which the effects climate change becomes more apparent it is important to be able to monitor and thereby control environmental pollution so as to find way to improve it as well as maintain of ecological balance. There are many well-established analytical methods that are available for detecting, measuring, and monitoring heavy metals. Many of the analytical methods are used for detection in environmental samples .Detection in environmental samples is different to that of laboratory samples in that concentration of element in environmental sample may fluctuate with certain samples having very lower concentrations. Subsequently the need for improvement of analysis technique that are able to detect at lower detection limits is continually sort after so as to obtain more precise results. 1. Trace metal analysis techniques Types of detection method Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS): This method of analysis determines the elemental composition of a sample via the absorption of light to measure the concentration of gas-phase atoms. It uses lamps whose core is made of the element. The light source is a lamp with a core made of the analyte of interest, this gives off light that is associated with the element and the sample absorbs this light. The analyte atoms in the sample are vaporized in a furnace and transition to higher electronic energy levels when light is absorbed. The concentration of the specific analyte is dependent on the amount of light absorption. Concentration measurements are determined by a working curve after calibrating the instrument with standards of known concentration. AAS is highly specific therefore each element has to be tested separately, this can be a disadvantage when trying to analyse a mixture, as different lamps must be used when measuring different elements. Another disadvantage to this technique is that the samples must be in solution, or at least volatile in order to be measured. There are a large number of factors that may interfere with measurement these include formation of non-volatile compounds and smoke formation which will absorb light, giving this method a relatively low level precision in comparison to other methods. Voltammetry: This studies the behaviour of analytes via the measurement of the potential and current of a sample or cell containing the analyte. There are different categories of voltammetry these include Polarography voltammetry – This process uses DME to produce reproducible effective electrode as a function of time. Linear sweep voltammetry- This process enables pre and post electron transfer reactions to be observed. The potential is linearly increased and the potential range is scanned between the initial potential and final potential Cyclic voltammetry- This is an extension of the linear sweep analysis where by the voltage scan is reversed once maximum current is reach as the as reduction of the analyte would have completed. Anodic stripping voltammetry- determines the specific ionic species by deposition of the analyte and stripping resulting in a redox reaction. The oxidised species registers as a peak Differential pulse voltammetry- Potentiometry: based on measurement of potential of an electrode system consisting of two electrodes, potentiometer and sample containing analyte of interest. This method is advantageous as it can detect ions in presence of whole host of other Substances. The desire for more accurate result had major challenges as developers had to development new analytical methods and improvement of existing methods. In particular, the introduction of powerful modes of atomic absorption spectrometry such as the graphite furnace other newly established analysis techniques include neutron activation Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS): Atoms absorb light at particular frequencies depending on the characteristic of the element. The amount of light absorbed may be linearly correlated to the concentration of the analyte and can thereby be quantified. Samples are deposited into small graphite tube which is subsequently heated to vaporize and atomize the analyte. Neutron Activation: A sample is subjected to a neutron flux and radioactive nuclides are produced. As these radioactive nuclides decay, they emit gamma rays whose energies are characteristic for each nuclide. Comparison of the intensity of these gamma rays with those emitted by a standard permit a quantitative measure of the concentrations of the various nuclides. 1.1 Back ground and history of mercury The dropping mercury electrode was invented in 1922 by Jaroslav Heyrovsky and was the foundation of electroanalytical voltammetry techniques via the development of the first linear sweep voltammetry method of polarography. In the year following between 1947 and 1959 voltammetry at stationary were developed. Electrolysis is the process by which ionic substances are decomposed (broken down) into simpler substances when an electric current is passed through them. In order for electrolysis to occur mass transfer is required between the electrode .Michael Faraday’s Second Law of Electrolysis was established in 1934 and states that â€Å"If the same quantity of electricity (electric charge) is passed through different electrolytes, the mass of a substance librated or deposited altered at an electrode is directly proportional to their chemical equivalents†. This law recognized the quantitative relationshipbetween current and equivalents of elements. The ficks law of diffusion formulae verified this quantitative relationship which enabled In recent years, mercury electrodes were still widely used in the detection of heavy metals by anodic stripping analysis due to its unique features. Heavy metal ions are reversibly reduced to form amalgams with the thin film of mercury on the electrode surface. The mercury film electrode is formed by electrodeposition onto an electrode which is subsequent stripping of these metals allows the quantification of these metal ions. You read "Determination of traces of heavy metal using anodic stripping voltammetry" in category "Essay examples" Mercury is an important electrode in terms of cathodic process study. Due to its low boiling point mercury as an electrode can be used in many forms these include dropping, streaming and pool configuration. 1.2.1 Types of mercury electrodes There are different types of mercury electrode these are as follows – Dropping mercury electrode: This working electrode is usually associated with the voltammetric technique polarography used for environmental analysis, especially for marine study.DME is made from 10-20 cm of glassy capillary tubes with internal diameter of 0.05mm. These dimensions and specification is chose to increase efficiency of the electrode. For example the length of the capillary tubes provides enough static head space to provide a drop time of 3-10 s. There are a number of variations of DME. The vertical orifice capillary has a capillary bent at 90 degrees and removes effect of maxim and depletion where as the Teflon DME is made specifically for use in solution. The reproducibility and vast knowledge about literature make this one of the best electrode for use in electrochemical analysis. Mercury film electrode: a mercury film is formed on an electrode substrate for example glassy carbon, carbon paste and pencil-lead etc. During voltammetric analysis mercury film forms an amalgam with the analyte of interest, which upon oxidation results in a sharp peak, improving resolution between analytes. Hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE): this is very similar to the DME however HDME produces partial mercury drop of controlled geometry and surface area at the end of a capillary where as DME steadily releases drops of mercury during an experiments. HDME is used for voltammetric techniques requiring stationary electrodes. Mercury-plated electrodes: mercury is electroplated onto a solid electrode. Mercury forms a film or an assembly of micro droplets depending on the substrate on which it is plated. Electrode substrates Types of electrode substrate Glassy carbon electrodes: Produced by placing a thick sheet of glassy carbon into a glassy tube with epoxy cement. The surface of the electrode is then polished until it becomes smooth. Carbon paste electrodes: made by the mixture of graphite and nujol until it develops the consistency of a paste. Carbon cloth electrode: carbon cloth have voltage ranges similar to that of carbon electrode The process of formation is by heating woven hydrocarbon polymer fabric to high temperatures. Platinum electrodes: This involves the use of a fine powder known as platinum black placed on solid platinum. Gold electrode: With the ability to be made into different forms i.e. rods, disc etc it is one of the most commonly used electrodes. Indium tin oxide electrode: transparent electrode generally used for Spectra electrochemical measurement In this case glassy carbon will be used as our electrode substrate, this is because of the many advantage glassy carbon has as an electrode substrate. Glassy carbon has good conductivity, low electrical resistance, thermal expansion coefficient is small, hard texture, good gas tightness, a wide scope of application of electric potential (from about -1 ~ 1V), chemical stability, can be made of cylindrical, disc, etc. These properties make it ideal for use in voltammetric analysis as it allow the flow of current in a controlled way and facilitate the transfer of charge to and from the analyte electrode shape, use it as a matrix can also be made of mercury film glassy carbon electrode and chemically modified electrodes. In the electrochemical experiments or electroanalytical chemistry has been increasing wide range of applications. Advantages and disadvantages of mercury electrodes The mercury film forms Mercury as an electrode is advantageous for many reasons these include its ability to release the contaminated drop and grow a clean drop between each experiment unlike solid electrodes which are required to cleaned and undergo a polishing step in order to prevent contamination of the electrode. This also means the electrode is independent of its past history. Metal ions can be deposited from acidic solutions thought thermodynamic state this is impossible without the formation of hydrogen which causes overvoltage which is associated with the reduction of hydrogen ions. Mercury however has a few limitations, one of which is its ease in oxidation, this causes a limitation in the range of anodic potentials used. When dealing with potential greater than + 0.4 V mercury (I) is formed causing a wave that masks the curve of other oxidized species. This occurs at lower potentials in the presence of precipitating ion or mercury (I) complexes. However the single greate st danger mercury poses as an electrode is its high level of toxicity. Mercury as a compound must be handled carefully, since its toxicity has very serious implications for the health and the environment. Mercury has a major impact on the environment due to its ability to progressively build up in successive trophic levels as well as along the food chain by a process of biomagnification. Over time this build up migrate across both biotic (other organisms) and abiotic (soil, air, and water) sources. At the top levels of the aquatic food web are fish-eating species, such as humans, seabirds, seals etc .In a study performed by the environmental protection agency US of fur-bearing animals in Wisconsin, the species with the highest tissue levels of mercury were otter and mink, which are top mammalian predators in the aquatic food chain. Top avian predators of aquatic food chains include osprey and bald eagle. Thus, mercury is shown transferred and accumulated through several food web levels. Aquatic food webs tend to have more levels than terrestrial webs, where wildlife predators rarely feed on each other, and therefore the aquatic biomagnification typically reaches higher values .In terms of health hazard mercury exposure may result in severe neurological effects, symptoms include convulsions, fits, and highly erratic movements. This was seen in Minamata, Japan, from about 1950-1952 where birds experienced severe difficulties in flying as well as domestic animals, especially cats whose diets were high in seafood exhibiting abnormal behaviour. This exposure was caused by the release of methyl mercury in the industrial wastewater from the Chisso Corporation’s chemical factory, which continued from 1932 to 1968. Chemically modified electrodes The ability of an electrode can be increased by means of chemical modification through the addition of atoms, molecules or nano particles to the surface of the bare electrode increasing its functionality over a wide range. Due to the many disadvantages mercury poses as an electrode, potential replacements for mercury are continually sought. The introduction of bismuth as an alternative has many significant advantages. It has been demonstrated that Bi is a good alternative since it is less toxic and easy to handle. The abilities of bismuth as an electrode are comparable to that of mercury and are attributed Thin Bi film is thus a good substitute candidate for the detection of heavy metals. Bi will be deposited onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using electrodeposition thereby causing heavy metal ions to form an amalgam with Bi. ASV will be used to determine the concentration of heavy metals. The method by which bismuth is coated on to a electrode plays a huge part in its potential as an electrode. There three main methods by which bismuth may be coated onto an electrode. Ex-situ plating: This process involves the bismuth ions in a solution being moved toward the working electrode which in this case is glassy carbon, by an electric field form by passing a current through the electrode there by forming a bismuth film on the electrode. The coated electrode can then be transferred into a sample containing the analyte to be quantified. For the best formation of the film bismuth must be pre-plated in a low ph condition this is because bismuth has a tendency to hydrolyse when in alkaline conditions dues to the presence of water molecule splitting. Acidic conditions catalyse this polymer degradation. Figure The molecular structure of bismuth nitrate pent hydrate In-situ plating: In this process the bismuth film is coats the electrode while the analysis process take s place. It should be noted however in order to do this the concentration of bismuth must exceed that of the analyte of interest. This is because of the possibility of interference due to saturation effects. The method of coating the electrode is superior in that it reduces experimental time as coating and analysis is done simultaneously however this method can only be performed by anodic stripping as it requires a preconcentration step. In this sense this method is not as versatile as ex-situ plating which can use any analysis method to analyse sample. Bismuth pre-cursor: A bismuth precursor can be used to modify an electrode if potential of about -0.1 V is applied onto an electrode resulting in the formation of metallic bismuth. Bi2O3(s) +3H2O+6e–2Bi(s) + 6OH– Fig The reduction reaction that takes place at the electrode between the electrode and bismuth precursor This method is usually prolific with carbon paste electrodes as it eliminates the need to use anodic stripping to form the film as well as a preplating step before for analysis of sample can take place. Bismuth modified electrode are physically and chemically stable therefore it retains its useful properties in the presence of air, moisture or heat, and under the expected conditions of application.Thus facilitate numerous measurement in different solutions without destroying the film once the electrode is coated with bismuth. This stability can be achieved by the addition of bromide ions (via sodium bromide) to the bismuth solution during the preplating stage of modification. The functionalization of conducting substrates is widely used in electroanalysis in order to confer both selectivity and sensitivity. Ion-exchange membranes are interesting materials for this purpose. Nafion will be drop casted on GCE and then positively charged ions will be incorporated within the negatively charged Nafion film. The application of suitable reduction potential allows the ions to be reduced to their metallic states. ASV will then be employed for the stripping and quantification of these ions. Cu, Zn, and Pb will be the heavy metals ions that will be examined. – chemically modified electrodes (plenty of paper in literature), then Nafion (its uses, applications and so on†¦) Electrochemistry HERE YOU CAM IMPROVE. PLEASE DESCRIBE CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY AND WHY WE USED differential pulse voltammetry for the quantification of heavy metals Electrochemistry is associated with the analysis of chemical reactions in a solution at the boundary of an electron conductor and ionic conductors where transfer of electrons between the electrode and electrolyte take place. This electron transfer is a mechanistic description of the thermodynamic concept of redox, in which the oxidation states of both reaction partners. In general, electrochemistry deals with situations where cations transfer across from a solution –electrode interface via reaction with electrons within the interface. Anions are also transformed within this interface to produce electron, this is all through a series of oxidation and reduction reactions resulting in electrons moving from the anode connected by an external electric circuit to the cathode as a current which is carried by the ions of the supporting electrolyte. The solubility and stability of sample determines which solvent system should be used. Once this is determined compatible supporting electrolyte can be used without causing interference with the oxidation-reduction reaction. Cyclic voltammetry It enables the electrode potential to be rapidly scanned in search of redox couples. Once located, a couple can then be characterized from the potentials of peaks on the cyclic voltammogram and from changes caused by variation of the scan rate. Differential pulse voltammetry Electrochemistry has found extensive applications for the study of chemical reactions. Anodic stripping voltammetry This method of analysis which quantitatively determines the specific ionic species; the analyte of interest is electroplated on the working electrode through a deposition step. During a stripping stage the analyte is oxidised and the current is measured. The oxidation of elemental species is registered as peaks in the current signal at the potential at which the species is being oxidised. The stripping may either be linear, square, wave etc in the case of this experiment it is pulse and cyclic. Four steps of anodic stripping Cleaning: the potential is held at a oxidize state greater than that of the analyte for a period of time to remove it from the electrode. Potential held at a lower potential: The potential of the system is held sufficiently low enough to reduce the analyte and deposit it on the electrode. Deposited material spread evenly on electrode: If solid inert electrode is used this step is not needed. Working electrode is raised to a higher potential and stripping (oxidization) of the analyte as analyte is oxidised it emits electrons which are measured as current. – Reference electrode is an electrode with potential which is a) independentof analyte (or other) ions in solution; b)Independent of temperature.In case of figure 2, the electrode sensitive to hydrogen ions is an indicator electrode. Potentialof an indicator electrode depends mainly on the concentration of the analyte ions (in this case hydrogen ions). 2. Experimental determination of trace metals in the Samples 2.1. Apparatus In these experiments, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) of 3-mm diameter was used as the working electrode with an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a platinum counter electrode. The glassy carbon electrode was polished with alumina powder (0.3 and 05 alpha) and polishing pad. These three electrodes are used in conjunction with an ivium biopotentiostat which was interfaced with a personal computer. A conventional three-electrode cell arrangement was used for voltammetric measurements. Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry was performed anodically to detect trace metals. Experiment was performed at room temperature (22? C ±1) 2.2. Reagents All chemicals used in this study were of analytical reagent grade and used without further purification. Bismuth (II) nitrate pentahydry, sodium bromide, potassium hexcyanoferrate(II), copper(II)nitrate hydrate, lead(II)nitrate, hexaammineruthenium(III)chloride, iron(II)nitrate Methanol and zinc nitrate hexahydrate standard stock solutions (1000 mg/L, atomic absorption standard solution) were obtained from sigma-Aldrich. Potassium hexcyanoferrate (II) and hexaammineruthenium (III) chloride are redox mediators.0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 4.65) also obtained from sigma-Aldrich was used as supporting electrolyte. Glassy carbon was supplied by sigma-Aldrich and deionised water (18 M? cm) was used throughout. Nafion ®117 polymer from sigma-Aldrich and Bismuth (II) nitrate pentahydry was used to produce electrode films. All chemicals used in the experiment are for research and development purposes. 2.3. Electrode preparation 2.3.1 Cleaning and Setting up the GCE This involves the glassy carbon surface being polished with micro-sized abrasives in order to expose a new surface. A plastic Petri dish is prepared and a polishing pad placed into the dish. A few grams of 0.3 alpha alumina powder was placed onto the polishing pad and a solution was made by the addition of deionised water. The GCE was held at right angle to the pad, and polished in a circular motion until the GCE looked like a mirror surface. The electrode was rinsed with distilled water and air dried. Ex-situ preparation of bismuth film electrode The ex-situ bismuth film electrode was prepared by deposition of metallic bismuth onto a glassy carbon substrate electrode from 0.1M acetate buffer solution (ph 4.65) containing 100mg/L bismuth (II) nitrate pentahydry by applying a potential of -1.0V for 5mins with the biopotentiostat while the solution was stirred. Bismuth film electrode in the presence of bromide ions (sodium bromide) was prepared similarly from 0.1 M acetate buffer solution (ph 4.5) containing 50mg/L bismuth (II) and 50mg/L sodium bromide by applying a potential of 0.3V for 60s. This electrode was then transfer into a sample to analyse the analyte of interest. 2.4. Procedure Setting up the ivium biopotentiostat The ivium biopotentiostat, the computer CPU and the computer monitor are turn on at the mains. The computer is manually turned by pressing the on button on the CPU, after which the monitor will display a login screen. Once logged in the ivium soft icon on the desktop was double clicked to open the program. The parameters for the ivium biopotentiostat must be set. These settings change dependent on which method is being used. For example Differential pulse stripping voltammetry was used to quantify amount of copper in a 1 mM solution of potassium nitrate in deionised water by the following method. Click on Method and under the list of electroanalysis select Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry. In the Parameter Box, set the E start (V) = -0.35 and the E end (V) = 0.6 (the potential range within which the analyte is determined), Current Range =100mA, Pulse time (ms) =10, Pulse amplitude (mV) =10, E step (mV) =25, Scan rate (V/s) =0.05 and the pre-treatment Time (sec) = 300. Cyclic voltammetry was used to analyse the affect of scan rate by increasing the scan rate on Nafion modified GCE in a1mM solution of potassium nitrate in 0.1 M acetate buffer at ph 4.65 at different scan -rates : Click on Method and under the list of cyclic voltammetry select standard. In the Parameter Box, set the E start (V) = -0.4, Vertex 1(V) =0.7, Vertex 2(V) =-0.4, Current Range =1mA, E step (mV) =10 and Scan rate (V/s) =0.1. Once the settings were selected and the electrodes were connected the system was run by selecting start. The run is completed when the graph appears on the screen and the computer makes a beeping sound. The graph of results was then analysed. Preparation of a 1.0 mM Potassium chloride solution To prepare a solution of 1.0 mM potassium nitrate approximately 0.0046 g of potassium nitrate was weigh out in a clean dry weighing boat using a balance and placed into a 50 ml beaker. Solution is made up by dilution to a volume of 15ml with deionised water and mix well until the potassium chloride dissolves. Preparation of a 1.0 mM Potassium chloride and hexaamineruthenine solution To prepare a solution of 1.0 mM potassium nitrate and hexaamineruthenine approximately 0.0046 g of potassium nitrate and 0.111g of hexaamineruthenine was weigh out in a clean dry weighing boat using a balance and placed into a 50 ml beaker. Solution is made up by dilution to a volume of 15ml with deionised water and mix well until the potassium Cyclic voltammetry calculations for the effect of scan rate The cyclic voltammogram is characterized by the peak potential Ep, at which the current reaches a maximum value and by the value of the current ip. When the reduction process is reversible, the peak current is again given by the relation – Ip = 0.4463 nFA (Da) 1/2Cb – (1) With a= = at 25?C – (2) This relation results from the set of differential equations for fick’s law of diffusion. In term of adjustable parameters the peak current is given by the Randle-Sevcik equation. This equation describes the effect of scan rate on the peak current ip. The equation is given by- Ip= 2.69 ?105n3/2AD1/2Cbv1/2at 25?C– (3) Figure Cyclic voltammogram where ipc and ipa show the peak cathodic and anodic current respectively for a reversible reaction. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effects of scan rate The effects of Scan rate was examined by increasing the scan rate from 50mV/s to 1000mV/s for a 1 mM solution of potassium chloride + hexaamineruthenine in deionised water. As the scan rate increased the current increased The 2,4-DNPHMCPE showed increase in the peak current with increase in scan rate Figure Cyclic voltammetry of GCE in 1 mM solution of potassium chloride + hexaamineruthenine in deionised water at different scan -rates a) 1000 mV/s b) 750mV/s c)400 mV/s d)100mv/s e)50mV/s Figure Cyclic voltammetry of Nafion modified GCE in a 1 mM solution of potassium chloride + hexaamineruthenine in deionised water at different scan -rates a) 1000 mV/s b) 750mV/s c)400 mV/s d)100mv/s e)50mV/s Nafion after(04/02/2011) Figure Cyclic voltammetry of Nafion modified GCE in a 1 mM solution of potassium chloride + hexaamineruthenine in deionised water at different scan -rates a) 750 mV/s b) 400mV/s c)200 mV/s d)100mv/s e)50mV/s f)20mV/s Bismuth in acetate baseline Figure Differential pulse voltammetry of bismuth modified GCE in a 0.1 M solution of acetate buffer at ph 4.65 with different concentrations of lead. a) 120 µL b) 100 µL c) 80 µLd) 40 µL Figure Differential pulse voltammetry of bismuth modified GCE in a 0.1 M solution of acetate buffer at ph 4.65 with different concentrations of zinc. a) 400 µL b) 300 µL c) 200 µLd) 150 µL e) 100 µL Figure Differential pulse voltammetry of bismuth modified GCE in a 0.1 M solution of acetate buffer at ph 4.65 with different concentrations of zinc. a) 600 µL b) 500 µL Figure Differential pulse voltammetry of bismuth modified GCE in a 0.1 M solution of acetate buffer at ph 4.65 with different concentrations of lead. a) 120 µL b) 100 µL c) 80 µLd) 40 µL Figure Differential pulse voltammetry of GCE in a 1mM solution of potassium nitrate and deionised water different concentrations of copper (II) nitrate added. a) 750 µL b) 450 µL c) 150 µL Figure Differential pulse voltammetry Nafion modified of GCE in a 1mM solution of potassium nitrate and deionised water with different concentrations of copper (II) nitrate additions. a) 650 µL b) 450 µL c) 150 µL Figure Differential pulse voltammetry of bismuth modified GCE in a 0.1 M solution of acetate buffer at ph 4.65 with different concentrations of lead. a) 120 µL b) 100 µL c) 80 µLd) 40 µL Figure Differential pulse voltammetry of bismuth modified GCE in a 0.1 M solution of acetate buffer at ph 4.65 with different concentrations of lead. a) 120 µL b) 100 µL c) 80 µLd) 40 µL Figure cyclic voltammetry of Nafion modified GCE in a1mM solution of iron (II) in 0.1 acetate buffer at ph 4.65 at different scan -rates. a) 100mV/s b) 50mV/s c) 20mV/s Figure cyclic voltammetry of Nafion modified GCE in a1mM solution of potassium nitrate in 0.1 M acetate buffer at ph 4.65 at different scan -rates. a) 100mV/s b) 50mV/s c) 20mV/s Conclusion ASA = Anodic stripping voltammetry AAS = Atomic absorption spectrometry Bi = Bismuth DME = Drop mercury electrode Reference Electrode kinetics: principles and methodology By C. H. Bamford, R. G. Compton Fundamentals of analytical chemistry, eighth edition Electrochemistry for chemists http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_mercury_drop_electrode http://www.chem.unep.ch/mercury/report/Chapter5.htm http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t3/reports/volume6.pdf http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-p01-plants.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_concentration How to cite Determination of traces of heavy metal using anodic stripping voltammetry, Essay examples

Anthem The Process of Liberation Anthems Essay Example For Students

Anthem: The Process of Liberation Anthems Essay Anthem: The Process of Liberation Many years ago, I read my first book by Ayn Rand, Anthem. I completed the book in about four hours. At the time, I was not mature enough to fully appreciate Anthems powerful symbolism. My attitude as I read the beginning of the book was one of indifference and confusion, maturing only later into concern and vigorous interest. This experience began a new phase in my intellectual development that soon led me to read Atlas Shrugged. I then started on Ayn Rands non-fictional works. My understanding of Rands philosophical system, however, came piece by piece. There was no one instant of recognition, no single aha. Until recently, I was not fully aware that I had been affected so deeply. My progress was step-by-step and I had never looked all the way back. As I began to read Anthem for a second time, I found myself in acute pain, even at the first paragraph. I continued to read it feeling much as a person would when touring a concentration camp, for, in effect, that was exactly what I was doing. There was not one hint of levity in my mood; I do not even recall breathing. I was truly looking all the way back. At the end of chapter nine, when Equality 7-2521 is alone, in the most profound sense of the word, with his Golden One, she says slowly, We are one alone . .. and only .. . and we love you who are one alone and only, I feared I could tolerate the book no longer. I had finally understood that profound sense of loneliness and despair a person can feel when they want to say I love you, but cannot say I. I could not understand how my previous reading could have seemed so easy. I proceeded, at a forced march, all the way to chapter eleven. I had never experienced the concept of labored reading before. When I read the words, I am, I realized that I had become Equality 7-2521 and that his liberation was my liberation. At that instant, I first became aware of air rushing into my lungs, and I felt free. My grim task was over. I read the rest of the book in a state of heightened self-awareness. I felt intensely every move of my eyes, every shift of my hands, every thought and every word. Anthem enslaved me and then liberated me unfortunately, most people dont even know the difference.

The Philosophies of Thomas Jefferson free essay sample

An examination of the social philosophies of the American founding father, Thomas Jefferson, focusing on his concept of natural aristocracy. This paper examines the concept of natural aristocracy by Thomas Jefferson. This concept laid the basis for the rest of his thoughts and teachings about the ideal society of early America. The writer shows how Jefferson viewed education, society and leaders and also mentions some of his writings. Thomas Jefferson most clearly explained his views on the natural aristocracy in 1813 in a letter to longtime friend and sometime rival John Adams. Like many of the founding fathers, Jefferson despised the European aristocracy, with their notions that leadership could be earned with gold or a distinguished family name. He felt that people should rise through the ranks of society on the basis of merit, hence his natural aristocracy. The hallmarks of the natural aristocrat, according to Jefferson, were virtue and talents. He added that body strength, good humor, politeness, and other accomplishments were auxiliary grounds of distinction (qtd. We will write a custom essay sample on The Philosophies of Thomas Jefferson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page in The Founders Constitution). It was these natural aristocrats, he believed, who should lead a free country like the newly born United States of America (Thomas Jefferson Biography).

Vermont Trip Essays - 9, Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Vermont Trip Essays - 9, Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Vermont Trip VERMONT TRIP: On behalf of myself, and many other students, I would like to formally address the Drug and Alcohol problem that accompanied the 1999-2000 school year Vermont trip. Many times I have heard stories about the infamous Vermont Ski trip, and the many illegal things that have occurred consistently throughout the years. To the best of my knowledge this behavior was ignored, overlooked, and typical of this trip. So in believing that this kind of partying was habitual, I decided to participate along with several others who had attended past trips. At first I was hesitant in bringing anything, but after a couple of conversations with certain individuals, I was convinced that it would be all right to do so without any punishment being enforced. Thus brought me to obtaining the single bottle I was bringing for a friend ,and I to consume with others, along with the other alcoholic beverages brought on the trip by my peers. This brings us to the time of departure for Vermont, on Thursday March 17, 2000. At approximately 11:50 PM I arrived to load the bus. At a little after 12:00 AM we left the Holley High School for Vermont, without A BAG CHECK by any of the seven chaperones. After a ten hour drive we arrived at our destination, Stowe Ski Resort. At around 4:30 PM we loaded the bus to go to the Courtyard By Marriot, the hotel in which we would be staying at for the remainder of the trip. Following our arrival we were given the room assignments, we then unpacked our bags quickly, and my roommates and I hid the alcohol that we each brought under our beds. After that a majority of us students went to the pool, and jacuzzi for a swim before our expected 7:00 PM dinner time. Dinner lasted for about a half an hour, to forty-five minutes, and soon after I then again went to the pool with a couple of people for another swim. Around 8:30 PM I returned upstairs to a friends room, where I then received a phone call from one of my roommates asking me if I planned on returning to our room to drink. I answered hesitantly, but after a little debating I decided to go back to my room. At that moment I only returned ,to change out of my swim clothes, before I headed back to the friends room. While I was in my room changing I was asked by two of my roommates to compare their drinks, and decipher which was better. This then proves that the alcohol, both mine, and my roommates, had already been out and consumed long before I first returned. After that, I went to my friends room and we both then returned to my room at about 9:00pm. Upon arrival we had found six other people in my room already there for one purpose. I then proceeded to ask one of my roommates where the bottles were, he then replied in the liquor cabinet, sure enough there I found all the alcohol moved from under the beds where I last knew it to be, into the place where I was storing my clothes. At that moment I removed the bottle from the cabinet to pass around to my friends. First I had opened the bottle so that everyone could smell the Butter Scotch aroma. After passing it around to all eight people including myself., we then all took one baby sip from the bottle. A few moments after that most of the people in my room decided to go take a swim. Then three female students left to go change into their swimming attire, leaving my friend, three of my roommates, and myself in the room. At this point the bottle had been sealed for a couple of minutes. I was then listening to one of my roommates tell a story, while the other two changed. During this short period of time there was a knock on the door, and Mr. Orbaker who was the ski trip advisor, walked into the room to see me holding the bottle in my hands. After I got done listening to my roommates story I then noticed Mr. Orbaker standing in the hallway staring at me. He then motioned for me to walk over to him, as I did he signaled for the bottle, grabbed the liquor and proceeded to say way to be

What Is an Alternative High School Is It Right for You

What Is an Alternative High School Is It Right for You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Will you be attending an alternative high school or are you wondering if it’s the right choice for you or your child?For some students, alternative high schools fit their personality and learning style much better than traditional high schools, and they can be a way for these students to achieve success. What are alternative high schools? How are they different from traditional high schools? Is attending one the right choice for you? How can you find the right alternative high school? Read on for answers to each of these questions and more. What Are Alternative High Schools? An alternative high school is simply a school that doesn’t provide a completely traditional learning experience.This is a very broad definition, and, because of that, alternative high schools can vary widely. They can be public or private and can include magnet, charter, and online schools (although not every school in these categories would be considered an alternative high school). Some alternative schools are offered throughthe student’s regular school district, while others, such as magnet, charter, or private schools, operate independently of the public school system. Classes at online schools are conducted primarily or completely over the internet.There is no official â€Å"alternative school† designation or requirements a school must meet in order to be considered alternative. An alternative high school will usually include the word â€Å"alternative† in its name or mention it in its mission statement or website homepage. Alternative schools were first created to help â€Å"troubled† students who had behavioral problems that traditional publicschools were ill-equipped to handle. However, today students attend alternative schools for a variety of reasons which are discussed in more detail below.In general, alternative high schools exist to give students who do not do well in a traditional academic environment an opportunity to succeed in high school and earn a high school diploma. How Are Alternative Schools Different From Regular High Schools? As mentioned above, there can be large variations between alternative high schools.Some alternative high schools don’t give out grades, some allow students to develop their own graduation requirements, some include a significant work component, some take place during non-traditional hours, and more. Common features of manyalternative high schools include: Smaller Class Sizes:Smaller classes allow teachers to give students more individual attention and make it easier to tailor lessons to specific student needs. More Flexible Schedules and Graduation Requirements:Some alternative high schools offer classes at night, which can be helpful for students with jobs or children. Others have flexible graduation requirements and give students more choice in the classes they must take (as opposed to one math class, one science class, one English class, etc. each semester). This can give students the opportunity to study a subject of particular interest to them. Wider Variety of Teaching Methods:Alternative high schools often use numerous teaching methods that emphasize creativity and interaction. This can help students who struggle with sitting in a classroom and taking notes all day. Non-Traditional Evaluation Methods:Some alternative schools don’t give out grades, instead they provide written evaluations. Others offer academic credit for work experiences or internships. Address Social, Mental, and Emotional Needs of the Student: In addition to addressing academic needs, alternative schools often have additional resources, such as counseling and support groups, available for students. You can also research specific alternative schools to get a better idea of what they can offer. For example, City-As-Schoolin New York City, has no grades, exams, or class years. Students complete projects and papers which are added to their portfolio, and they spend about half of each week at an internship instead of in the classroom. It's also easy to find student testimonials of alternative schools online. One former student of an alternative high school credits the school with saving her life.You can read these to get a better idea of the typesof students alternative schools have helped and how they overcame their difficulties. Even if you never wanted to show up to class at your old school, an alternative high school may have teaching methods that work for you. Why Do Students Attend Alternative High Schools? There are multiple reasons why someone may begin attending an alternative high school, but they usually relate to the student not thriving in a traditional school. Specific reasons include: Trouble Learning in a Traditional Classroom One of the main reasons students attend alternative schools is because they don’t learn well in a traditional school. They may have learning disabilities that make it challenging for them to sit in a classroom all day, they may struggle to retain information learned this way, or their classes may interest them so little that they have no desire to attend school or complete homework. Alternative schools specialize in using varied and creative ways to teach the material, and their teaching methods are often much more tailored to each student’s learning preferences. Need More Support/Guidance Some students also need more guidance than traditional schools can provide. This can be academic support or emotional support/counseling. They can benefit from the smaller classes of alternative schools as well as the increased access to counselors and support groups. Many alternative schools also often have regular meetings with a student’s teachers, parents, and counselors to make sure the student is on track, which can also be beneficial for many students. Bored or Not Challenged at Their Current School Alternative high school may also be an option if you don’t feel challenged or interested at a traditional school. This may be the case if you don’t find yourself caring about your classes, struggle with sitting at a desk all day, find the coursework too easy, or want to focus your studies on a subject your school doesn’t offer. Alternative schools often use a wider variety of teaching methods, including hands-on, interactive, and self-directed work, which can benefit you. Social or Behavioral Difficulties A student might also have issues with classmates or teachers. This can include being bullied, struggling to make friends, befriending the wrong crowd, or coming into conflict with teachers and students. A student’s social network is a huge part of their high school experience, and if they don’t feel included or welcomed at their school, or don’t contribute to an inclusive and welcoming environment, it can be very difficult for them to do well. Attending a new school with new classmates as well asteachers and counselors who can better meet their needs can have a significant improvement on their high school performance. Difficult Life Circumstances Additionally, some students have experiences that make attending traditional high school challenging. These can include pregnancy, serious illness, family problems, and more. Circumstances like these can make it difficult for a student to concentrate on classes, and they may need more individual support and flexible scheduling. Is an Alternative High School the Right Choice for You? So, should you attend an alternative high school? The answer varies depending on the person, but, in general, if you are very unhappy or performing poorly at your current high school, some major changes need to happen for you to get on track to graduate high school and set yourself up for success in the future. Transferring to an alternative school that useslearning styles that suit you better than your current school can help youdo well and even begin to enjoy high school if you didn't before. The new school, teachers, and classmates can help give you a fresh start with high school. However, some students prefer to stay in their current high school and aren’t receptive to the idea of attending a new, â€Å"different† high school.Making a student transfer to a new school when they are against it can make them even less likely to succeed in school, so, if they are extremely opposed to the idea of transferring schools, and it is possible for them to stay at their current school, you could try letting them remain â€Å"on probation† at their current school. If they make required changes that are laid out beforehand (improving grades, meeting attendance requirements, disassociating with a badcrowd, etc.) they can be allowed to remain at that school, but, if they do not, they will have to transfer to an alternative school. If you do decide that attending an alternative high school is the right choice, or even if you just want more information on what your options are, read the next section on how to select the best alternative high school for you. Choosing whether to attend an alternative high school can take a lot of thought in order to make the right decision. How to Choose the Right Alternative High School Selecting the right alternative school is an important undertaking; you have to make sure you choose a school that fits with your personality and learning style. Attending an alternative school that isn’t a good fit won’t help you do any better in high school than you were doing before. Choosing which school to attend requires more work than simply finding the alternative school that’s closest to you. Follow these three steps to make an informed choice and give yourself the best chance of success in high school. Step 1: Identify the Issues With Your Current School Before you do anything else, you should figure out exactly why your current school is not working for you.Make a list of all the reasons you are switching schools. Was it due to problems with classmates? Boredom with traditional education? A need for more guidance and support? Really think about all the reasons you aren’t happy with your current school. The more complete and specific your list the better your chances of finding the best alternative school for you are. If you're unsure of whether or not you want to change schools, this is also a good time to see if you can solve these problems while remaining at your current school. You may be able to make changes to your class schedule, join a program that includes more non-traditional learning, or a different option. If you'd like the option of staying at your current school, set up a meeting with your guidance counselor and possibly some of your teachers. They'll be able to go over all your options with you so you can make the best decision. Step 2: Make a List of the Qualities Your New School ShouldHave Next, use the list you made in the previous step to come up with a new list of things your new alternative high school should have for you to do well there.Research different alternative schools online to get a better understanding of what alternative schools can offer. Perhaps you want an alternative school with smaller class sizes, non-traditional teaching methods, the opportunity to earn academic credit through a job/internship, or other qualities.You should use your list from step one to develop this second list. For example, if one of the reasons you were unhappy with your current school is because you get bored sitting at a desk all day, your second list should mention that you’d like an alternative school that offers more hands-on work. Step 3: Research Nearby Schools Now that you know what you’re looking for, start looking at potential alternative schools you can attend.Most students will be limited to schools that are close to them because they will still be living at home, but if that isn’t a requirement for you, you can look at alternative schools in a wider area that offer boarding options. You should also take cost into consideration. Some alternative high schools are free or low-cost while others can have large price tags attached. There are often ways to reduce costs through grants or scholarships. If you find an alternative school you’re interested in but is out of your price range, talk to someone at the school’s office. They should be able to give you advice on financial aid options. Once you find a school you’re interested in, research it thoroughly before applying for enrollment. Talk to teachers and staff, research the school and its goals, and see if you can speak with past or current students to get their opinion.Many alternative schools offer potential students the chance to attend classes for a day or a few days to get a feel for the school and see if it will be a good fit for them. Definitely take advantage of this if it’s an option because it’s a great way to decide if the school is really the right one for you. Once you’ve decided on a school, contact the office to learnhow you can enroll or apply for enrollment. Not all alternative schools can accept everyone who wants to attend, especially smaller schools, so be aware that it’s not guaranteed that you’ll get in. Talk to staff and teachers to get a better idea of what you need to do to get enrolled at the school. Once you've foundyour ideal alternative high school, you can begin the enrollment process! How Do Colleges View Alternative High Schools? Will attending an alternative high school hurt your chances of getting into college? Will it make colleges think you’re a â€Å"bad† kid who will have a negative impact on their school? In short, no. Colleges understand that there are many reasons why a student may attend an alternative school, and there are multiple areas on your application for you to put your alternative school experience in a positive light. If you don’t have any behavioral issues (like suspensions or expulsions) on your transcript and your attendance record is good, that is a huge benefit for you when you apply to college. You can use your personal statement to discuss why you attended an alternative school, how it helped you, and how it has prepared you for the future.Even if your grades from your first few years of high school aren’t great, showing significant improvement and being able to clearly discuss how you’ve overcome difficulties will put your alternative education in a positive light and show colleges that you’re able to overcome challenges and still be successful. If you do have a record of behavioral issues and/or truancy, convincing colleges that you should attend their school will be a bit more difficult, but you should still follow the above steps. In your personal statement (some schools also have an area on their application where you can provide them with additional information on yourself), mention that you had problems before, then clearly and specifically discuss how you’ve worked to overcome them and the progress you’ve made since then. Obviously, this is much easier to do when you've made a lot of progress, so keep staying on track in order to make the best impression. If you’re worried that colleges will think that your non-traditional learning environment hasn’t prepared you enough for college, taking the SAT or ACT and receiving strong scores will help show them that you have the knowledge necessaryto do well in college. Summary Alternative high schools can be a great, and even life-changing, option for students who haven’t thrived in traditional high schools.A wide variety of alternative high schools exist, but, in general, they use more non-traditional methods of teaching and are able to be more flexible in accommodating student needs than traditional high schools. Some alternative high schools use grades, some allow students to work part-time for class credit, some allow students to develop their own class schedule, and more.Students attend alternative high schools for a variety of reasons, but, in general, it’s because they are unhappy at, not challenged by, or uninterested in a traditional high school environment.If you decide to attend an alternative high school, be sure to research potential schools thoroughly to find one that fits you well. What's Next? Have you decided to attend an alternative school and will now be transferring schools? Our complete guide to transferring high schools will walk you through each step of the process and help you make sure you've completed each requirementyou need to! Considering online high school? They're becoming increasingly popular, but it's important to be well-informed before you make the decision to attend school online. Check out our guide to online high schools to learn if they're the right option for you. Studying for the SAT or ACT?We have great guides to help you study for the SAT and ACT and get your best score! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Spitalfields Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spitalfields - Coursework Example The place lured many immigrants from various regions; these immigrants have contributed tremendously towards the richness of life in Spitalfields. The French Protestant (Huguenots) refugees brought with them the skills of silk weaving in 1685. In 19730’s Irish weavers came in to participate in the silk trade. The 18th century or the Victorian era saw a steady decline in the trade and commerce in Spitalfields, with the merchants’ haven degenerating into slums. It became known more a center for criminal establishments rather than a well to do industrial town. Famous tales of Jack the Ripper and the Whitechapel murders still fascinate people across the world. More recently as in the late 20th century, saw a steady influx of Bangladeshi immigrants who worked in the local textile industries. They are better known for their culinary skills and hence, most of them today own restaurants in and around Brick Lane. Spitalfields is a unique combination of the modern and the ancient. It still has the quaint ancient flavor while it has welcomed the modern architecture. It developed extensively after the Great London Fire in 1682. The City of London acquired direct control of the markets in 1920, and extended the original market buildings after eight years. For the last 74 years, the Old Spitalfields Market has re-established itself as a thriving market As it happens with modernization, Spitalfields too saw the intrusion of high finance into its old market place. That reminds us of the fact that London has always been very patient and encouraged diverse cultures and East End has been a milestone for its rich and diverse culture. Since its inception, Spitalfields has witnessed many changes in terms of people, history, and culture. Now, the onus is on the people there to preserve and enhance Spitalfield’s historic heritage and architectural beauty. It is only then that one can appreciate the past, enjoy it in the present and carry the rich culture over to the

Geopolitical Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Geopolitical Paper - Essay Example China has been the third largest trading partner of ASEAN and it accounted for 11.3% of the total trade of ASEAN in the year 2008 (ASEAN Secretariat, 2010). As observed by Dr. Surin, â€Å"China’s economic growth and strong investment expansion is energizing the region and is providing ASEAN with an expanding diversified market in an environment of slowing growth in its traditional partners† (ASEAN Secretariat, 2010). There were many rationales behind ASEAN - China FTA (Free Trade Area). ASEAN countries wanted free trade with China for many reasons and the motivation involved both political as well as economical factors. The first reason has been that China is huge economy and the increasing demand for goods and services from ASEAN would lead to growth of all the ASEAN countries. Closer integration with China would facilitate ASEAN to reduce the reliance on other countries like United States, Japan and European Union. Moreover it was found that China has been quite supple with the new ASEAN countries and has been providing developmental assistance. By extending WTO nations’ benefit to the non WTO member would make it viable for the new ASEAN countries to gain from trade liberalization with China. Besides this, the other reason for choosing China was the temperate agriculture of China and tropical agriculture of ASEAN which was complementary and thus they could have liberalized the agricult ural trade. Again according to ASEAN, the ASEAN-China FTA (ACFTA) is the way through which the post crisis can be recovered. China’s enthusiasm for forming the ASEAN-China FTA was also politico-economic. When viewed politically China wanted to maintain friendly relations with its neighboring countries in the south. It has also been noted that ASEAN-China FTA was a confidence building process in order to put to rest the ASEAN distress over China’s economic condition that was a threat. Therefore close

A Description of the Sumerian Society Essay Example for Free

A Description of the Sumerian Society Essay ?Sumerian society migrated into the Middle East and settled in the Mesopotamian area around 4000 B. C. E. , resulting in the settlement of that civilization. Sumerians contributed the city-states concept, created an essential writing system, strengthened their connection to their religion, and also recorded the world’s oldest story. The addition to Sumer’s city-states idea had a booming affect in their political structure. They were more organized than most political systems in other civilizations. With this, the Sumerian society was able to regulate religion and enforce laws in a better manner. Their concept later became a tradition of regional rule, basically creating an early bureaucracy for other societies to adopt and learn from. After several centuries of Sumer’s settlement, writing, the most significant invention in millennia’s, was introduced into Sumerian society. See more:Â  Perseverance essay Although it was very sudden, the addition to such a revolutionary idea made their culture even more prosperous. Things led to another, and soon enough, the Sumerian society had an entire alphabet that was referred to as cuneiform, in the palm of their hands. They began to record their history and culture, later resulting in the world’s oldest story, the Epic of Gilgamesh and much more from their culture. Sumer’s introduction to cuneiform bloomed into an economical boost throughout their entire society. Their invention helped to promote trade and manufacturing. They were able to communicate much more flawlessly, leading to trades as far as India. Not only did it support the trading system, but it did wonders in recording much of Sumerian history. Sumer’s settlement meant many prosperous things. Their ideas and inventions of cuneiform, city-states, ziggurats, job specialization, etc. , led to great achievements that other civilizations adopted and duplicated.

Free Trade :: essays research papers

American Political Science Review Vol. 94, No.2 June 2000 "Free to Trade: Democracies, Autocracies, and International Trade" The central question that is explored in this article is what kind of political regime is best for free trading in domestic or international commerce. At the same time it address the variation between democracy and autocracy, not on variation within either regime type. Some of the major articles discussed in the author's review of the literature are the actors and their preferences; such actors as the chief executive and legislatures in a democracy and a unitary actor in autocracy. Also mentions one of the major aspect of trade, the noncooperative trade barrier settings. Which usually happens when countries do not agree to mutual trade settings. The other article in the literature tends to compare the level of trade barriers and regime type. It does this by looking at the level of trade barriers across the three types of regime pairs; if trade barriers are lower with in democracy pairs than pairs composed of an autocracy and a democracy. The principal hypothesis the authors seek to test is "the ratification responsibility of the legislature in democratic states leads pairs of democracies to set trade barriers at a lower level than mixed country-pairs." The major independent variables used in this article are political economy of trade policy, domestic political institutions and commercial policy. The dependent variables are foreign policy of the involved countries and the chief executive. In order to collect data and analysis, the authors used the national income and population of both trading partners, as well as the geographic distance between them. They also looked at the competitiveness of the process through which a country's chief executive is selected, the openness of that process, the competitiveness of

Fresh Food and Canned Food

Eating is most important activity in our life. Some people eat 2 times, 4 times, or some people in poor countries eat only 1 time a day. We live in a world where the variety of food is immense, and we are responsible for what we eat. We decide what we are about to eat and how it will affect our bodies. The three main differences between fresh food and canned food are flavor, health benefits, and cost. The most notable difference between these two kinds of foods is their flavor.Fresh food have great flavor and taste because they keep all their natural conditions. Canned food however, lack a lot of its flavor characteristics because there are some other chemical products added to the natural foods. Fresh food will have a greater taste and flavor when consumed just because of the time in which they have been prepared. Comparing both types of foods there is another difference. There is a health factor that affects both of them.Canned foods lose some of the original fresh food nutrients a nd vitamins when stored, and also it has to be tinned with many conservatives and chemical factors that prolong the shelf life and apparent freshness of the food but could also become toxic if consumed too often. Yet another difference between these two types of foods is the cost. Canned food are much more expensive than fresh foods. The benefit of buying tinned foods is that they are easier to find, for example, in a supermarket instead of the market like the fresh foods.When you look at the picture of the canned food it is so beautiful and it makes you buy it, but when you open it later you will see that they do not match and the taste is not good. Canned food requires less work than fresh food, even sometimes no work at all. If you decide to make food instead buying it ready you would have to spend at least 2 or 3 hours, but you will get delicious food that everyone will enjoy it. Fresh foods are always good for your health, but if you do not have enough time it is fine to get ca nned food. Eating canned food is not recommended, because it can make you sick and you might get diseases from that.

Attitudes and Behaviors Essay

So let’s start by saying that attitudes have two main components those happen to be beliefs and values. Beliefs are statements while values are judgments. When it comes to persuasion a person might have their own attitude and have it rub off so to speak onto another person or several other people. We tend to use this on a daily basis for things that we want whether that be for ourselves or from other people. When it comes to conformity many individuals will change their behaviors to fit in with other people that they involve themselves with. This could potentially mean that you could lose your own identity and become someone completely different from whom you truly are. When it comes to bias we are all wired to have judgments and prejudice many times people will use this judgment and have a set attitude on people, places and things. Only people can change their behaviors. Psychologists define attitudes as a learned tendency to view things in certain ways. This can include people. Places, issues and events that occur in a person’s life. Attitudes form from the experiences that you go through, they could direct from personal experiences or from the observation of other individuals. Attitudes can be learned in several different ways. Classical conditioning can impact your attitude to different products. Operant conditioning can also help in how attitudes are developed. When someone you like has a different attitude your attitude more than likely will change to be the same as the other individual. Researchers have come to the belief and conclusion that people behave according to their attitudes under a lot of circumstances. Cognitive dissonance is when an individual experiences, psychological stress caused by conflicts from thoughts and beliefs in a person’s everyday life whether that be from work, relationships, money problems. In order to gain back control people often change their attitudes based on actual behaviors. Attitudes can change just like people can. You can turn your thought process around just  like you can with many other things. Classical conditioning can create positive emotional reactions. Operant conditioning can be used to strengthen attitudes and behaviors that you are lacking or that are weak. People can also see how negative people act and decide that they don’t want to be that way and that can drastically change a person’s mind on how they think. Life events such as death, sickness, relationship loses and other important things can make a person realize what they have and what they need to be grateful for but also can help them understand their thought patterns were incorrect and that they need to change that in order to have a better life for not only themselves but the people that they associate themselves with. The theory of persuasion says that people can alter their personal attitudes in two ways. They can be motivated to listen and to think about what is being said to them which can make them open up to different ideas and thoughts or they could simply be influenced by good positive people that they are around on a daily basis. In order to change a individual s behavior you must change your thought process completely. http://www.examiner.com/article/bias-attitude-and-prejudice http://www.cios.org/encyclopedia/persuasion/Aintroduction_4nature.htm http://psychology.about.com/od/socialinfluence/f/conformity.htm

100 Persuasive Speech Topics for Students

100 Persuasive Speech Topics for Students There is a small but important difference between planning a persuasive speech and writing a persuasive essay. First, if you are planning a persuasive speech, you should think about a topic that can engage your audience. For this reason, you may want to consider a few topics before settling on the one that allows you to be more descriptive and entertaining. Another important factor when picking a persuasive speech topic is to choose one that can provoke your audience. If you stir up a little emotion in your audience members, youll keep their attention. The list below is provided to help you brainstorm. Choose a topic from this list or use the list to generate an idea of your own. Studying martial arts is good for mind and health.Competitive sports can teach us about life.Reality shows are exploiting people.Community service should be required for teens.These qualities make a hero.Its important to grow things in a garden.Violent video games are dangerous.Lyrics in a song can impact our lives.Traveling and studying abroad is positive.Journal writing is therapeutic.You should spend time with grandparents.The laptop is better than the tablet.Religion and science can go hand in hand.School uniforms are good.All-girl colleges and all-boy colleges are bad.Multiple choice tests are better than essay tests.We should not spend money on space exploration.Open-book tests are as effective as closed-book tests.Security cameras keep us safer.Parents should have access to students grades.Small classes are better than big classes.You need to start saving for retirement now.Credit cards are harmful to college students.We should have a royal family.We should protect endangered animals. Texting while driving should be illegal.You can write a novel.You can go to your college of choice.State colleges are better than private colleges.Private colleges are better than state colleges.We should do away with penny coins.Fast food containers hurt the environment.Plastic straws hurt the environment.You can eat and enjoy healthy snacks.You can become a millionaire.Dogs are better pets than cats.You should own a bird.Its unethical to keep birds in cages.Liberal arts degrees prepare better workers.Hunting animals should be banned.Football is dangerous.School days should start later.Night school is better than day school.Technical training is better than a college degree.Immigration laws should be more lenient.Students should be able to pick their schools.Everyone should learn to play a musical instrument.Grass lawns should be prohibited.Sharks should be protected.We should do away with cars and go back to horse and carriage for transportation.We should use more wind power.We sho uld pay more taxes. We should do away with taxes.Teachers should be tested like students.We should not interfere in the affairs of other countries.Every student should join a club.Homeschooling is better than traditional schooling.People should stay married for life.Smoking in public should be illegal.Students should live on campus.Parents should let students fail.Giving is good.Education makes us happier people.T​he  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹death penalty is good for society.Bigfoot is real.We should increase train travel to save the environment.We should read more classic books.Fame is bad for children.Athletes should stay loyal to teams.We should reform our prisons.Juvenile offenders should not go to boot camps.Abraham Lincoln was the best president.Abraham Lincoln gets too much credit.Students should be allowed to have cell phones in elementary, middle, and high school.College student-athletes should be paid for playing.Elderly citizens on fixed incomes should receive free bus rides.Colleges and universitie s should be free to attend. All American citizens should complete one year of community service.Students should be required to take Spanish classes.Every student should be required to learn at least one foreign language.Marijuana should be legal for recreational use nationwide.Commercial testing of products on animals should no longer be allowed.Felons who have served their time in prison should be allowed to vote once they are free.The drinking age should be bumped up past 21.Replacing fossil fuels with cheaper alternative energy options should be mandated.Churches need to contribute their share of taxes.The Cuba embargo should be maintained by the U.S.America should replace income taxes with a nationwide flat tax.The Bowl Championship Series, also known as the BCS, should be replaced with a true college football playoff system.Doctor-assisted suicide should be legal.Spammers- people who bombard the internet with unsolicited email- should be banned from sending their junk mail.Every automobile driver should be required to take a new drivers test every three years. Electroshock treatment is not a humane form of therapy.Global warming is not real.Single-parent adoption should be encouraged and promoted.Gun companies should be held accountable for gun crimes.Human cloning is not moral.Religion does not belong in public education.Juveniles should not be tried as adults. American workers should be guaranteed a three-day weekend by law.

Hell-bent and Hell-for-leather

Hell-bent and Hell-for-leather Hell-bent and Hell-for-leather Hell-bent and Hell-for-leather By Maeve Maddox A reader has asked about the expression hell-bent for leather. The expression fuses â€Å"hell-bent† with another expression, â€Å"hell-for-leather.† The bent in hell-bent is the past participle of the verb to bend, a word with at least 23 definitions in the OED. To be â€Å"bent on something† is to be determined to do a specific thing. Ex. He was bent upon becoming Prime Minister. She was bent on proving him wrong. One of the meanings of â€Å"to bend† is â€Å"to go in a certain direction.† Literally, then, to be â€Å"hell-bent† would mean â€Å"going in the direction of hell.† The way we use it, to be â€Å"hell-bent on something† means to be wholeheartedly determined to get something done. The OED gives these citations: 1731 Ab-origines in Arms..did then resort, In Haste to Susquehanna Fort, Hell bent on Thoughts of Massacree. 1835 A large encampment of savages,..‘hell-bent on carnage’. 1891The state of Texas, or at least its legislature, went hell-bent for the reform of railroads. The OED defines â€Å"hell-bent† as both adjective and adverb: hell-bent: adj.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Usually in predicative use, with on, upon, or infinitive. Determined to achieve something at all costs; passionately or recklessly intent. hell-bent: adv.  Ã‚  In a hell-bent manner; with no effort or resources spared; all out, wholeheartedly, totally; determinedly, doggedly. The expression hell-for-leather means at â€Å"breakneck speed, very fast† and was originally used with reference to riding on horseback. It may have originated with Kipling. The earliest citation in the OED is from an 1889 Kipling story, â€Å"The Valley of the Shadow.† CAPT. M. (Jealously) Then dont say it! Leave him alone. Its not bad enough to croak over. Here, Gaddy, take the chit to Bingle and ride hell-for-leather. Itll do you good. I cant go. JUNIOR CHAPLAIN. (Flicking M.s charger.) Thatll do, thanks. Turn in, Gadsby, and Ill bring Bingle backahemhell-for-leather. The fused expression hell-bent for leather (1926) is apparently an American coinage that fuses hell-bent with hell-for-leather and means â€Å"recklessly fast.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:36 Adjectives Describing Light3 Cases of Complicated Hyphenation10 Functions of the Comma

Employee Reward and Recognition Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Employee Reward and Recognition Systems - Essay Example The compensation strategy offered by the company for its employees must be fair and without any biases. The company must have compensation policies wherein it would reimburse or compensate the full amount for the employees for any accident or any such condition faced during the working hours. However, the company will have to ensure that such situations have not arisen out of any negligence on the part of the worker. These would include fatal accidents within the company premises only. Every employee desires to be awarded and appreciated for his work and efforts. The company needs to make sure that it addresses this need of the employee from time to time so that it retains the interest and morale of the employee. Rewarding the employee financially by providing different sorts of benefits is essential in this respect. However, the company needs to ensure that it forms its financial reward system by remaining unbiased and transparent. The company needs to evaluate its internal as well as its legal formalities while forming such a system for awarding its employees. Intangible or non-financial benefits can also be given but it has been seen that it is the tangible or precisely the financial form that makes more impact on the employee performance. In the case of Electra Pvt Ltd, the company is on a growing spree. It wishes to expand its business. As such it would include more manpower and sources. It thus becomes all the more crucial to retain as well as absorb new recruits which can be done by appreciating their work on a regular basis. The company must be impartial and fair while rewarding its employees.

Business Strategy in Transport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Strategy in Transport - Essay Example Airline industry is increasing in the present booming economy encouraging new entrants new establish their service. Modern day airline industry follows low cost strategy so as to provide an alternative to the price sensitive clients which evolved during the period of crisis during 2000 followed by 9/11 strike by terrorist and Iraq war (Cento, 2008). Therefore entering into the market, the business entrepreneur must analyze the market situation, identifying the routes to operate and airports, main business centre, reaching time, etc. In a bid to enter the airline industry, a air route from London to Brussels has identified through Heathrow airport in London and Brussels National Airport. Heathrow airport is one of world’s busiest international airports with five terminals. It is situated 32 kilometers from the London city while used by more than 68 million passengers each year. Over 100 companies operate at this airport providing service the customers flying them to over 200 destinations. The airport is connected by road and rail making it easier for the passengers make it convenient for them to choose the mode of transport they would like to reach the airport. Nearby the airport, there are three international hotels and other 20 plus hotels in the city. There are plenty of buses of National Express from London to Heathrow airport which departs every 15 to 30 minutes from 4.30 am to midnight which takes about 45 minutes to reach the place.

Global Economic Changes Over the Next Decade Research Paper

Global Economic Changes Over the Next Decade - Research Paper Example However, the current global economic environment is likely to contribute to a severe crisis over the next decades. This is because of the disruptive financial market chaos, which is slowing economic growth in advanced economies. Many emerging economies have made efforts of providing global resilience measures but this has set an explosion of food and gasoline price crisis. The next generation is under threat because the emerging and advanced economies are unable to adjust the current crisis. The trends in the global business cycle such as the emergence of internal growth momentum, failure to adjust to the price shock for commodities and shift in the financial shock absorbers are likely to create global economic challenges in the future. Although the federal will employ policies for reducing global economic issues, climatic changes due to globalization and increased gasoline prices are likely to create the economic crisis in the future. The global economic environment is likely to exp erience varied changes that would take place over the next decade. First, new changes will occur because of the emergence of strong internal growth momentum in developing and emerging nations; thus providing the most trade shock-absorber across the globe. Many nations especially the emerging economies such as India, China, Malaysia and some Asian Pacific economies as well as developed economies are transforming the global business cycle dynamics. The global trade shock absorber will make the U.S downturn steeper due to the support offered in the export sector by many developing nations across the globe (Callioni, 2010). Therefore, the issue arises in case the emerging economies such as India and China sustain in the internal momentum over the decades. This may impact the emerging economies from achieving growth. This is because both financial and trade linkages continue to increase in the emerging economies as the emerging economies attempt to incorporate business activities in the global markets. Therefore, the emerging and developing nations are likely to become immune from of financial chaos in developed nations. The fiscal shock absorbers have made efforts of solving the economic challenges through employing new methods. For instance, the capital movements instead of trade have become the world’s driving force since the 19th century up to the present. The change is undeviating rather than being cyclical; thus, the link between the two is difficult to predict. The economists are unable to understand the cause of the capital movements and trade changes but the economic changes are clear. It may take some period before economists may accept the fundamental changes. However, the research indicates that the global economy is in control of the changes rather than the macroeconomics of a state through which economic theory focuses. Moreover, the primary products in the market have been changing and the price of commodities are likely to rise into higher pr ices for the next decades. For instance, the prices for energy sources have been one of the major problems across the globe. The price for gasoline keeps on changing; thus affecting other commodities in the market. Although the federal state has attempted to regulate the global energy crisis, still changes will take places; thus affecting the price of commodities. This will impact many developing and emerging economies from becoming developed.

Effect Of Corporate Parenting On Looked After Children Social Work Essay

Effect Of Corporate Parenting On Looked After Children Social Work Essay This dissertation is based around the role of corporate parenting in looked after children. It will discuss and explore the role of corporate parenting in general with the exposed group: looked after children as this is relevant to practice experience as it is based upon 80 days work placement. The concept of Corporate Parenting was first introduced in September 1998 by the Secretary of State for Health Frank Dobson, as one part of the governments Quality Protects program to make over childrens services. It emphasized the key role that chosen members would play. The Governments Quality Protects Initiative (1998) requires local authorities to identify children with additional family burdens and to provide services that are geared to ensure these childrens education and general development do not suffer. (www.doh.gov.uk/qualityprotects)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…’   When a child becomes looked after, the responsibilities of their parent become the liability. And it is required to serve everyone working for the council as elected members of the council. This is known as corporate parenting and it is the collective responsibility of the council to provide the best possible care and protection for children who are looked after. As a corporate parent, we should act in the way we would if the child were our own. (http://www.southglos.gov.uk/NR/exeres/b10f32d0-3db1-4b38-980d-147f4ad1f6d4) 1.2 Who are Corporate Parents? Corporate parenting contains any person who has responsibility for the care and security of children. The concept of corporate parenting relates to the collective duties and responsibilities of the Local Authority for looked after children safeguard and to promote the life. Corporate Parenting is a collective responsibility of the Council, with Councillors having a distinct role to play in ensuring that the outcomes and life chances of looked after children are maximized ( The Role of Councillors as Corporate Parents May 2005 Scrutiny Review Group). The essential principle of Corporate Parenting is that all councillors and staff employed by the Council should parent the Looked After children and young people in their concern as they would their own children. All selected members of the Council have a duty to act as a Corporate Parent to children in the care of that Council. The function of the Corporate Parent (Councillors) is to make sure that the services provided by the Council as an entire contribute to achieving constructive outcomes for kids in care. Specifically, they must guarantee that children in their care are: healthy safe enjoy and accomplish in life make a positive input to society achieve economic security In order to implement this responsibility, Councillors must be: Should be well informed about the children for whom they are responsible Need to think about how they are affected by council decisions Must listen to what children and young people say Must be a supporter for children and young people. 1.3 Who are looked after children? The phrase Looked After was commenced by the Children Act 1989 and refers to children and young people: under the age of 18 who live away from their family or parents are supervised by a social worker from the local council childrens services department.   The term Looked after children applies to those children who are looked after by a local authority when either: They are accommodated by the LA at the request of a person with parental responsibility, or because they are lost or abandoned, or because there is no person with responsibility for them (S. 20 Children Act 1989) They are placed in the care of the LA by a court (part IV Children Act 1989) Interim Care Order or Full Care Order In very rare cases children and young people may also become looked after via Ward ship proceedings (High Courts exercise of its inherent jurisdiction independent of stature (Children Act 1989) Thais topic will initiate with the below questions and answers with brief explanation and references to be sorted out the focus upon right direction. They are subject to emergency orders to secure their immediate protection, (Part V Children Act 1989) Emergency Protection Orders or Police Orders or are remanded by a court to the care of the LA (S. 23 Children Young Persons Act 1969) In very rare cases children and young people may also become looked after via Wardship proceedings (High Courts exercise of its inherent jurisdiction independent of stature (Children Act 1989) For most children, care is proposed to be time-limited with the mean that the child will return home as soon as possible. (The Children Act 1989) aims to get a balance between the need to protect children from destruction and the need to protect children and families from unnecessary intervention. It encourages arrangements for services to children to be agreed between the parents and the service providers whenever possible. The Act embodies the belief that children are best looked after within the family unit without legal intervention unless this is inconsistent with their welfare and safety. 1.4 Why is corporate parenting necessary? Children may be looked after for many different reasons, including protection from harm and abuse. Children have had a long history of being looked after away from home, in such places as institutions, orphanages, foster homes, approved schools and borstals (Department of Health 1998a). Parents who are unable to look after their child may ask a local authority to do so. Children can become looked after for a numerous reasons; some children may have been abused or suffered distressing experiences, some may be in care due to family illness or the death of a parent. Others may have complex needs or disabilities and be unable to be cared at home. Often children who  become looked after for a short time period due to family problem like some children do not have a parent or relative to look after them, possibly because of death or serious illness  or because they have been separated. Young people aged over 16 years may choose to be looked after for a variety of reasons, including abuse, domestic violence or stress at home. Local authorities must provide accommodation for children who are lost, abandoned, or whose parents are unable to care for them. Authorities shall provide accommodation for any child in need in their area who appears to them to require it as a result of there being no person with parental responsibility for him, or because he is lost and abandoned, or because the person who has been caring for him is prevented from providing suitable accommodation or car (Section 20 (1) CA 1989) Section 20(3) of the Act gives local authorities a duty to provide accommodation for a child age 16 and 17 years if the authority considers that his welfare will be seriously prejudiced without such a service A local authority may provide accommodation for any young person who has reached the age of sixteen but is under twenty-one if they consider that to do so may safeguard and promote his welfare, even if their parent objects. (Section 20 (5)-(11) CA 1989) The Governments aim is for every child, whatever their background or their circumstances, to give the support they need to: Improving outcomes also involves narrowing the gap between disadvantaged children and their peers. The Government is focusing particularly on improving outcomes for looked-after children Ed Balls says in his letter to looked-after children: 2009 We want to make sure you have the same chances as other children to fulfill your dreams and to be happy. When there is breakdown and a child has to be removed from its family, the local authority is then expected to act as the corporate parent and to provide substitute care. The job is delegated to a local authority department, and its paid professional agents social workers, foster carers or residential staff act on behalf of the wider community. And when they leave care, they are on their own, having to find their way in the world. It is no wonder that a high proportion of care leavers end up in prison, or with mental health problems, or with unplanned pregnancies, or in abusive relationships. Chapter 02: METHODOLOGY The study aimed to discover from children their views on being looked after and the degree of power they felt they had to manipulate decisions made about them. Total fifteen looked after children were interviewed. Social workers were asked to identify children who met the criteria of between ten to seventeen and having been in care for at least two years. The children were given a questionnaire from the researcher to explain the purpose of the study and asked if they were ready to be interviewed. The method was selected, however, because confidentiality prohibited the researcher being given names and addresses without the childrens permission. It is not clear how many children were carry forwarded and rejected. Of those who initially said they would participate, later on dropped while arranging their interviews, leaving a total sample of fifteen. This comprised: Gender: Girls: 7 Boys: 8 Age: 10 years 1 14 years 4 15 years 4 16 years 3 17 years 3 Length of time in care (based on childrens report): 2 years 3 3 years 3 4 years 3 5 years 3 7 years 1 13 years 2 Type of care: only two were in residential care, the remainder in advance care. Children were given a common view of the research aim. But the interviews were decided to be conducted in unstructured way. They were informed that the examiner wanted to hear their vision on how much they are told about what is happening to them, whether they feel their standpoint is listened to, and whether they are supposed to feel as they are involved in decisions made about their lives. Research involving children creates particular moral dilemmas in that they are typically less powerful than the adult researcher (Thomas and OKane,1998). The unstructured interview was chosen in that it gave them maximum control over the research process and ensured that each child talked only of those topics that mattered to them and could avoid personal issues they did not want to discuss with a stranger. 2.1 Findings: Because of the promise of confidentiality, care has been taken in reporting the findings to ensure that no individual can be identified. The importance of the social worker All mentioned the importance of the social worker in their lives. The social worker was seen as very powerful and, when the relationship worked well, as a very strong ally. One described the qualities needed in a social worker as: Someone who can talk to children, get to know them, take them out, and phone regularly so they keep in touch with what is happening. Most could remember at least one social worker with whom they had got on particularly well and who had made them feel well cared for and supported. She would sort out anything that was bothering me. The biggest complaint about social workers (from eight children) was the high turnover and the subsequent interruption for them. Social workers were also criticised for their reliability in everyday matters such as keeping appointments on time or holding reviews on time. Children interpreted this carelessness as a sign of their low priority in the social workers life. However, Butler and Williamsons research bears out both the approving and critical opinions. They report that many children are seeking a more emotional, empathic level of interaction but that the experience for many is, in contrast, an almost technical, allegedly robotic nature of professional interventions in childrens lives'(1994, p.84). Confidentiality It is essential to share information for good planning and care but, from the childs point of view, this can seem very intrusive. Again, the problem reflects the normal processes of growing up. Teenagers develop autonomy and increasing privacy as part of maturation but, for a child in care, it is difficult to achieve that same sense of privacy. Several of the older teenagers complained of the lack of confidentiality and, hence, a reluctance to share their thoughts and feelings because it would all get written down in their file and read by strangers. Butler and Williamsons research also highlighted the importance and perceived lack of confidentiality to children: there is a pervasive feeling amongst children and young people that even a commitment to confidentiality is, too often, a false promise and that information divulged will then be spread around without the consent of the individual concerned (1994, p.78). 2.2 Anti-discriminatory practice: Only one young person spoke his experience of racism. He was a seventeen year old black man who complained that he was continually stopped and questioned by the police and that white women looked fearful and crossed the road to avoid him. Since he had no record of crime or violence, he felt this was completely unfair and due to racism. 2.3 Debate This is only a small sample so the responses cannot be taken as representative of the views of looked after children in general. However, it is possible to examine the issues they raised and discuss the challenges they pose to professionals endeavoring to listen to their voices whether or not they are typical. Chapter 03: Literature Review There are approximately 61,000 children and young people in care in UK, with boys comprising 55% of that population. These statistics are almost a quarter higher than those of a decade ago. Of this group, more than two out of three children live in foster care, and just over one in ten in residential care (childrens homes). An estimated 1% of care leavers progress to University, compared with 37% of young people in the population as a whole (Jackson et al 2003). The outcome nationally is poor for looked after children and there is an over-representation of previously looked after children amongst those who are homeless, unemployed or in prison. In 2002, 6% of all school leavers were unemployed. Of this figure, 25% were young people in the care of were unemployed. Of this figure, 25% were young people in the care of Local Authorities. There is a high proportion of these children who suffer from poor mental health or become teenage parents with looked after children being 5 times more likely to develop mental illness than their peers. If the child also has a disability or comes from a black or minority ethnic background they face a double jeopardy and are at greater disadvantage. There remain a disproportionate number of disabled children accommodated by local authorities. Only one per cent of Looked After Children go to University. 3.1 THE ROLE OF CORPORATE PARENTING The role of corporate parent is defined in Think Child (1999) as the following: Finding out getting the facts and follow them up, Make decisions by playing your part in the business of the council, Listening to children and young people also finding out from them how councils services work for them and remembering that children are citizens too. To be a champion for children by taking a lead in the community in putting children first. This strategy embeds the following core values that all Children in Care should benefit from: A positive sense of identity and self-worth. Belonging to a family in the widest sense and also a community. Good health. A safe, healthy, child-friendly environment, including appropriate housing, play and leisure facilities. Freedom from bullying. A right to privacy. Equal access to services. Respect Children in care have a unique relationship with the state. The local authority fulfils some, or all, of the traditional parenting role this can happen on many levels, from decisions about their day to day care through to decisions about where a child will live and which school they will attend. This responsibility has become known as corporate parenting in recognition that the task must be shared by the local authority as a whole, from lead members to frontline practitioners. Strong corporate parenting arrangements are central to improving services for children and young people in care. Improving the role of the corporate parent, as part of childrens trusts, is key to improving the outcomes for children in care. It is with the corporate parent that responsibility and accountability for the wellbeing and future prospects of children in care ultimately rest. A good corporate parent must offer everything that a good parent would, including stability. It must address both the difficulties which children in care experience and the challenges of parenting within a complex system of different services. Equally, it is important that children have a chance to shape and influence the parenting they receive. 3.2 WHERE ARE THE PROBLEMS? The circumstances and experiences of looked-after children and young people have shown that they can experience many disadvantages. Research indicates that looked-after children experience poorer outcomes than other children across a range of measures, including health and education. To achieve these outcomes, councils must demonstrate their commitment to helping every child they look after wherever the child is placed to achieve their potential. The complicated role of parenting happens on many levels from basic decisions about their day to day care and the quality of the emotional support they receive, through to big decisions about where a child will live and what school they attend as well as imparting values which help to shape their future aspirations and ambitions. For most children, these different levels are fulfilled by the same people but it is more complex for children in care. And children and young people in care themselves have told us repeatedly that they want and need stability and continuity of care so that those who look after them do not change so frequently. The challenge, therefore, is to ensure that the quality of care which children experience meets their need for a secure attachment and promotes their resilience and that this is achieved as far as possible without the need for a series of placements before finding the right one. For the first time, the Department for Children, Schools and Families presented data on the emotional and behavioral health of looked-after children and young people, finding that about 60% of those looked after in England were reported to have emotional and mental health problems. It also reported that a high proportion of looked-after children and young people experience poor health, educational and social outcomes after leaving care (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2009c). A government strategy for children and young peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s health noted that a third of all children and young people in contact with the criminal justice system have been looked after (Department for Children, Schools and Families and DH 2009). 3.3 EVERY CHILD MATTERS Green Paper, 2003, led to the Children Bill, which was presented to Parliament in March 2004 and is now enacted as the Children Act 2004. The Act sets out a long term programme for change for childrens services across the country. It places a duty on all Local Authorities to produce a plan which addresses disadvantage, raises achievement and safe guards children and young people in their area. This legislation is the legal underpinning for Every Child Matters, which sets out the Governments approach to the well-being of children and young people from birth to age 19. The aim of the Every Child Matters program is to give all children the support they need to: be healthy stay safe enjoy and achieve make a positive contribution achieve economic well-being. The Every Child Matters agenda has been further developed through publication of the Childrens Plan in December 2007. The Childrens Plan is a ten-year strategy to make England the best place in the world for children and young people to grow up. It places families at the heart of Government policy, taking into account the fact that young people spend only one-fifth of their childhood at school. Because young people learn best when their families support and encourage them, and when they are taking part in positive activities outside of the school day, the Childrens Plan is based around a series of ambitions which cover all areas of childrens lives. The Plan aims to improve educational outcomes for children, improve childrens health, reduce offending rates among young people and eradicate child poverty by 2020, thereby contributing to the achievement of the five Every Child Matters outcomes. http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/about/ This strategy reflects many of the initiatives recommended in the Children Bill and subsequent Act and demonstrates the commitment of the Council to discharge its duties and improve childrens services. The development of Childrens Trust arrangements will bring together representatives from key agencies and Primary Care Trusts. Whilst the Councils responsibilities towards looked after children are discharged primarily through the and Young Persons Department, the Council recognises the significant contribution to the well being of looked after children and their carers to be made by other Council departments and therefore requires, as part of this strategy, the effective and executive engagement of all service departments in meeting the needs of this group of vulnerable children and young people. 3.4 WHAT IS THE GOVERNMENT DOING ABOUT THIS PROBLEM? In 2003, the Government published a Green Paper called Every Child Matters alongside the formal response to the report into the death of Victoria Climbià ©. After a thorough consultation process, the Children Act 2004 became law. This legislation is the legal underpinning for Every Child Matters, which sets out the Governments approach to the well-being of children and young people from birth to age 19. The aim of the Every Child Matters programme is to give all children the support they need Looked-after children have a right to expect the outcomes we want for every child. These are that they:Enjoy the best health and live a healthy lifestyle .Are kept safe from harm and neglect and feel secure at all times .Are given the chance to learn and achieve, and enjoy leisure time .Are given the opportunity to make the most out of life and take a full part in the community .Grow up in a strong and secure family situation and achieve rewarding adult lives .( The Charter for Children and Young People ) ( Every Child Matters Agenda)